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Adapted from Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life(Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2017).Understanding:1. Definethe terms as they apply to statistical studies: sample, raw data, samplestatistic, confidence interval, margin of error, census.2. Describethe five basic steps in a statistical study. Give an example of theirapplication for a topic related to your research interests.3. Explainwhy the following statement is true: The 95% confidence interval for a pollsuggested that support for Governor Garcia is between 55% and 60%. Therefore,we can be certain that a majority of the population supports the governor.4. Explainwhy this is false: One study of heart disease involved treating male physicianswith daily doses of aspirin. Because the study concluded that aspirin helpsmales avoid heart disease, it follows that females can also avoid heart diseaseby taking aspirin.5. What ispeer review, and why is it useful?Application:1. In aHarris Interactive survey of 1006 adults, 86% say that they wash their handsafter using a public restroom; the margin of error is 3 percentage points. USAToday reported that among 6028 adults observed in restrooms, 85% washed theirhands; the margin of error is 1 percentage point. Use the given statistics andmargin of error to identify the confidence interval for each study. Which studydo you believe, and why?2. In asurvey of 1002 people, 701 (70%) said that they voted in the last presidentialelection (based on data from ICR Research Group). The margin of error for thissurvey was 3 percentage points. However, actual voting records show that only61% of eligible voters cast a vote. Does this imply that people lied whenresponding to the survey? Explain.3. Describehow you would apply the five basic steps in a statistical study to thefollowing research question: determine the percentage of drivers who text whilethey are driving.4. TheJournal of American Psychologists prints an article evaluating a new drug fordepression. The researchers who wrote the article received funding for theirlabs from the pharmaceutical company that produces the drug. Is there apotential for bias in this research study? How could it be avoided? Explainyour answer.5. A collegedean obtains an alphabetical list of all full-time students at her college andselects every 50th name on that list to survey those students regarding thetotal amount of student loan debt that they will have upon graduating. She thenreports this average (mean) amount of debt among these students as the averageof all college students. What type of sample of this? What could she do toimprove her sample?6. Explainany problems likely to cause confounding, and suggest how they could beavoided: in a comparison of gasoline with different octane ratings, 24 vans aredriven with 87 octane gasoline, and 28 SUVs are driven with 91 octane gasoline.After each vehicle has been driven for 250 miles, the amount of gasolineconsumed is measured.7. Explainwhich of the 8 guidelines for evaluating a statistical study might be mostrelevant: In a survey of 1,200 college students, each was asked whether theyare a good person.8. Thefollowing presents a headline in a local newspaper, as well as the storysummary. Discuss whether the headline accurately represents the story.Headline: “DrugsShown in 98% of Movies”Story Summary: A “government study” claims that drug use,drinking, or smoking was depicted in 98% of top movie rentals (Associated Press).9. Whatcrucial information is missing from the following “sound bite”? A USA Today“Snapshot” reported that the percentage of people with diabetes who don’t knowthat they have diabetes is “1 in 4.” The source was given as the AmericanDiabetes Association.10. Whatcrucial information is missing from the following “sound bite”? CNN reports ona Zagat survey of America’s top restaurants, which fund that “only 9restaurants achieved a rare 29 out of a possible 30 rating, and none of theserestaurants are in the Big Apple.”
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