Use the attached reading only, please!
1.Discussion Board (26%): You will be required to post one answer, and one comment in the discussion board each week. a.I will post at least one discussion question related to the topic and relevant readings at the beginning of each week. The discussion questions will usually be broad to allow the responses from a wide spectrum. You are required to post your answer to the professor’s discussion question(s). You are required to post one answer with minimum 250 words long. You are required to write a comment to at least one of your classmates’ p•Your comment should be thoughtful and should go beyond simple “I agree” posts. Your comment will be at least 100 words long. •To secure credit, your responses and comments should be thoughtful; that is, they must refer to the weekly readings and information from other pertaining resources, and they expand the idea presented and contribute to the discussion.
2.Weekly Question( 13 %): You are required to submit at least one question from the weekly readings assigned•The question whether it is factual or fictitious, should provoke thought and criticism relevant to the weekly class readings.•
A question such as “Has there been more research conducted on [the weekly topic]” is not an acceptable one.•The purpose of the “weekly question” the assignment is to promote your critical thinking, but not to receive an answer. Please do not expect a reply to your every question. •Your “weekly questions” must be substantially different from the question I posted on the Discussion Board.2-
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1-Discussion
To what extent are McDermot’s (2018) arguments about the relationship between leadership manipulation and collective mobilization, useful to explain terrorism and political violence. Please explain your answer.
Do you think that Stainland’s model/theory is complete? How would the incorporation of state preventive and counter-terrorism efforts, and the “roots” (i.e. poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, political repression, etc.) improve Stainland’s model/theory about the construction of a rebellion organization?
2-Weekly Question
Post a question relevant to the readings. The question of whether it is factual or fictitious should provoke thought and criticism relevant to the weekly class readings.
3-write a comment
You are required to write a comment to at least one of your classmates’ p•Your comment should be thoughtful and should go beyond simple “I agree” posts. Your comment will be at least 100 words long. •To secure credit, your responses and comments should be thoughtful; that is, they must refer to the weekly readings.
Student#1 is for part 3- write a comment. write a response for this student discussion. Your comment will be at least 100 words long
Student#1
McDermot’s arguments about the relationship between leadership manipulation and collective mobilization are useful to explain terrorism and political violence since the relationship displays how a skilled leader can use factors such as emotions and identity to overcome significant challenges of organizing political organizations. The challenges leaders overcome when manipulating follower emotion and identity include the hurdle of recruitment, coordination, and collective action. In lessening the negative burdens of each, leaders can maximize their group’s influence and power. The author provides two categories of leadership manipulation. The first, “shout” approach wherein leadership may employ threats to values, outrageous language, or some form of abusive policing to overcome resistance. The second approach is the “whisper,” wherein the actions to overcome are more hidden, such as private payments or policies that ensure ethnic/racial superiority. Both the manipulation of emotion and identity are intertwined, but each possesses its specific characteristics. Emotions, specifically fear and anger, help us organize and process information we receive from other people and our environment. Additionally, as a foundation for social communication, these emotions are connected to our states of arousal, making them useful in mobilizing attention quickly and securing loyalty in the face of adversity. However, not a foolproof method for manipulation as emotions can be reactionary and unstable (which is good for manipulative purposes). They tend to promulgate cooperation among devoted group members and communities who have identified a common enemy.
On the other hand, identity is a definitive way to grow emotions from an ingroup/outgroup. To take advantage of identity, a leader can clearly define identity by highlighting the commonalities of a group with a shared bond such as race, gender, religion, language, etc. In recognizing the commonalities, differences between groups will also manifest, leading to prejudice and discrimination among the ingroup and outgroup. Finally, to maintain a following, leaders will continue to employ manipulation tactics, including public performance, persuasion, amplification of outrage, and emotional entrepreneurship. Each of these tools will be more successful when the political or social conditions are uncertain. Many individuals feel detached from society at large, for it is then a skilled charismatic leader can introduce tactics of manipulation most effectively.
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