Multi-Theory Model of Health Behavior Change Paper

Multi-Theory Model of Health Behavior Change Paper

Multi-Theory Model of Health Behavior Change Paper

ORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED AND ORIGINAL ESSAY PAPERS 

Epidemiology Paper Part Three: Implementation and Evaluation

The Epidemiology Paper is a practice immersion assignment designed to be completed in three sections. This is part three of the assignment. Learners are required to identify theories for implementation and evaluation of prevention and health promotion activities for an at risk population. Multi-Theory Model of Health Behavior Change Paper

General Guidelines:

Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment requires that support your position by referencing at least six to eight scholarly resources. At least three of your supporting references must be from scholarly sources other than the assigned readings.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Directions:

This assignment comprises the third and final part of the Epidemiology Paper. Write a 2,000-2,500 word paper that provides the following:

Identify a public health theory you will use to support the implementation of your prevention and health promotion activities. Provide evidence that supports the use of this theory within the program you designed.

Design evidenced-based prevention and health promotion activities that can be implemented to decrease the health risk among your previously identified population.

Identify the evaluation program you will use to determine the efficacy of your health promotion activities and in meeting the expected outcomes.

3attachments

Slide 1 of 3

• attachment_1attachment_1
• attachment_2attachment_2
• attachment_3attachment_3

Epidemiology Part 2

Julie Ann Childers

Grand Canyon University: DNP 825

July 30, 2019

Epidemiology Part 2

Epidemiology involves the study of the occurrence of diseases among various groups of people and the reasons behind the occurrences. “One of epidemiology’s key features is the measurement of the outcomes of a disease in relation to the at-risk population. An at-risk population can be defined as a group of people, sick or healthy, who would be considered as cases on an occasion if they had the disease under study” (Bhopal, 2016). For instance, if a health provider was investigating the frequency of how patients consult about deafness, the at-risk population would be made up of the list of patients who might consult her about a problem related to hearing. In other words, the at-risk population can be defined as the population exposed to a certain vital event. This paper aims at identifying a population that is at-risk and discussing the effect of the science of nursing on the population’s health risk, challenges to implementing health promotion and prevention activities, and the individuals, agencies, and stakeholders who need to collaborate. Multi-Theory Model of Health Behavior Change Paper

At-Risk Population and the Health Risk

For this study, the at-risk population for lung cancer will be identified. Lung cancer leads in the list of the causes of global cancer death in both women and men (Torre et al., 2016). Studies have established cigarette smoking as the primary cause of lung cancer despite many other causes. Cigarette smoking in history is a predictor of the burden of lung cancer in many populations. Populations that are at a high risk of being diagnosed with lung cancer can typically be predicted from the historical cigarette smoking patterns. As a result, the rates of lung cancer have consistently been higher among the male population than among women traditionally, and this can be explained by cigarette smoking prevalence among men in the past. Generally, smoking prevalence has increased in developing countries in the recent past years hence explaining the epidemics of lung cancer in these countries. However, the trend of higher rates of lung cancer among men has been changing in the recent past as some studies indicate rising rates of lung cancer amongst young women (North & Christiani, 2013). One of the existing at-risk populations for lung cancer, therefore, is young women. Multi-Theory Model of Health Behavior Change Paper

In a recent study, data on invasive lung cancer cases diagnosed from the year 1995 to 2014 in the District of Columbia and forty-six states of the United States of America was analyzed. The data for this study was from NAACCR, an organization made up of professional associations, government agencies, and cancer registries among other private groups interested in boosting the use and quality of registry data on cancer. Lung cancer incidence rate was investigated based on age group, ethnic group, sex, race, time of diagnosis, and year of birth and the male-to-female ratios of incidence rate were calculated (Jemal et al., 2018). The cigarette smoking prevalence was also examined using the data from 1970 to the year 2016 obtained from the National Health Interview Survey. The outcomes of this research reveal that there has been a decline in age-specific lung cancer probability of occurrence in both women and men generally in the past twenty years, but the rate of decline in men has been steeper compared to that of women (Jemal et al., 2018). Also, the results revealed that the female-to-male ratios of incidence among the non-Hispanic whites population increased. Sex-specific rates of incidence reversed from higher incidence rates among men to more elevated incidence rates among women among the Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites born from the middle of the 1960s (Jemal et al., 2018). The incidence per every 100,000 person-years was 24.9 among women, and among men, it was 23.1 in the cohort that was born around the year 1965 (Jemal et al., 2018). This data shows that young women are an at-risk population.

The population of young women is at a health risk of suffering from lung cancer, as indicated by the study discussed above. Lung cancer age-specific incidence per 100,000 person-years was calculated. The contributing variables included ethnic group, histologic type, time of diagnosis, and sex. The incidence per every 100,000 person-years was 24.9 among women, and among men, it was 23.1 in the cohort that was born around the year 1965 (Jemal et al., 2018). There was an increase in the incidence rate in the age groups between 30 years and 49 years. This correlates the population of young women to lung cancer health risk.

Nursing Science Impact on the Health Risk

Thirty percent of the deaths caused by cancer are associated with the use of tobacco (Islami et al., 2015). Therefore, the primary methods of averting lung cancer include smoking cessation and prevention of the use of tobacco. Cessation is critical in improving the quality of life and survival after a lung cancer diagnosis. Nursing science can impact this health risk by identifying patients struggling with dependence on tobacco after diagnosis and intervention with the patients. Nursing can also make an impact of the health risk of lung cancer through interventions to help smokers to stop smoking and as a result, reduce cancer deaths that result from the use of tobacco.

Challenges to the Implementation of Activities Promoting Health and Prevention

The discussed at-risk population can be transformed into a low-risk population using strategies to prevent girls and young women from starting to use tobacco and to encourage cessation among smokers. Various activities can be implemented to promote health and to prevent these health risks. However, several obstacles might obstruct the implementation of these activities. These obstacles may include;

1. Limited resources – Some resources required for the implementation of the activities include funding for the programs and enough staff to carry out the programs among other resources. One of the obstacles to implementing these activities is that there might be insufficient resources or strong competition for the resources available. Other obstacles might include lack of support for the programs by local and state governments and inflexibility in the funding streams.
2. Inadequate infrastructure – proper organizational and administrative systems for control and prevention of cancer might be lacking in some states.

• Lack of coordination – Coordination, integration, and focus among those providing and cancer services programs might be lacking. There are numerous other competing programs, and hence, the implementation of health promotion and prevention activities might be challenging. Activities to prevent the use of tobacco and cessation may be of a low priority compared to other competing programs. Systems of healthcare may be inequitable and fragmented, and there may be conflict in practice guidelines.

1. Limited use of data in making decisions. In implementing these activities, limited use of data in decision-making may result in ineffective programs. Lung cancer treatment and incidence might be underreported, or some data might be affected by misclassification of people.
2. High levels of poverty – the affected people might not be able to pay for the programs or services due to their financial status.
3. Incomplete health perception and low levels of health literacy – these might affect the implementation, especially when the affected do not understand the importance of the activities.

• Social and cultural norms around certain health behaviors – it might be difficult to convince people to change certain behaviors that they believe to be socially and culturally right.

Agencies, Individuals, and Stakeholders Who Should Collaborate

The agencies, individuals, and stakeholders who should collaborate in the implementation and sustainability of the health promotion and prevention activities include healthcare administrators and providers, policymakers, patients, organizations serving ethnic minorities and genders, medical centers and universities, professional associations like organizations dealing with cancer and tobacco use, and voluntary organizations. Most of the times before health outcome improvements can happen, improvement in various areas is required (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006). These improvements may include health promotion efforts and health education, a better understanding of the existing challenges in delivering services, more professional expertise, and advanced organizational structures, among others. Comprehensive control of lung cancer requires different agencies, individuals, and stakeholders to coordinate.

References

Bhopal, R. S. (2016). Concepts of epidemiology: integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Guidance for comprehensive cancer control planning. Vol. 1: Guidelines.

Islami, F., Torre, L. A., & Jemal, A. (2015). Global trends of lung cancer mortality and smoking prevalence. Translational lung cancer research, 4(4), 327.

Jemal, A., Miller, K. D., Ma, J., Siegel, R. L., Fedewa, S. A., Islami, F., … & Thun, M. J. (2018). Higher lung cancer incidence in young women than young men in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(21), 1999-2009.

methods of epidemiology. Oxford University Press.

North, C. M., & Christiani, D. C. (2013, June). Women and lung cancer: what are new? In Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 87-94). WB Saunders.

Torre, L. A., Siegel, R. L., & Jemal, A. (2016). Lung cancer statistics. In Lung cancer and personalized medicine (pp. 1-19). Springer, Cham.

I, Julie Ann Childers, verify that I have completed 10 clock hours in association with the goals and objectives for this assignment. I have also tracked said practice hours in the Typhon Student Tracking System for verification purposes and will be sure that all approvals are in place from my faculty and practice mentor.