GET A PROFESSIONAL PAPER DONE BY AN EXPERT
*** please don’t just agree to post but add more that can be discussed ***Classmate 1: Martyna: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were developed in 2000 and are goals set by many nations as an important part of their development efforts. The MDGs represent 8 goals and 15 core targets. One of these goals is to ensure environmental sustainability. The target of this goal is to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015 (WHO, 2018). Clean water and sanitation is the foundation of good health. Poor sanitation and contaminated water are linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, and typhoid. Deaths from disease can be prevented by investing in water, sanitation and hygiene (WHO,2019).Kenya is a developing and water-scarce country whose constitution places a human right obligation to ensure every person in Kenya has the right to access clean water in adequate quantities and to reasonable standards of sanitation. The national government is responsible for water resource management, whereas county governments are responsible for delivering water and sanitation services. Unfortunately, Kenya has not been able to meet the MDG of sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. The proportion of Kenyan population as of 2016 using safely managed drinking water services was 22.6% while basic water services was 37.9%. On the other hand, the proportion of population as at 2016 using safely managed sanitation services stood at 20% while basic sanitation services was only 5%. Only 25 per cent have hand-washing facilities with soap and water at home (Watershed, 2018).Kenya’s renewable water resource per capita is projected to fall below the absolute water scarcity level of 500m3 per year by 2030 due to population growth and poor sanitation. It is estimated to cost Kenya’s economy Ksh27 billion annually. Access to clean water sources and improvement to sanitation services is imperative for the well-being of Kenya’s population particularly due to the prevention of waterborne diseases. Availability of water is also an important factor in regard to reduction of poverty and economic growth. Inadequate access to water and sanitation in schools adversely affects education outcomes especially among girls. By improving access to clean water across the country violent conflicts could be greatly reduced (Devinit, 2018).Kenya’s vision for the future is to ensure universal access to water and improved sanitation services by 2030. The National Water Master Plan 2030 has been developed to facilitate achievement of these targets. Barriers that exist to achieving the MDG in Kenya include inadequacy of existing water resources, limited investment in water services due to funding constraints and effects of climate change. However, some progress has been made in particular access to water from an improved source increased substantially between 2009 and 2016 at the national level, but rural areas are still left behind. The proportion of households with access to water from an improved source increased from 56.1% in 2009 to 72.6% in 2016. In urban areas, 86.7% of households have access compared with 61.8% in rural areas (Devinit, 2018).ReferencesDevelopment Initiatives. (2018, December). Enhancing access to safe water and improved sanitation services in Kenya. Devinit.org.Http://devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Enhancing-access-to-safe-water-and-improved-sanitation-services-in-Kenya.pdf(Links to an external site.)Watershed. (2018, June). National accountability mechanisms for SDG 6 in Kenya. Ircwash.org.Https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/watershed_kenya_accountability_briefing_note.pdf(Links to an external site.)World Health Organization. (2018, February 19). Millennium development goals (MDGs).Who.int. Https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/millennium-development-goals-(mdgs)(Links to an external site.)World Health Organization. (2019, June 18).1 in 3 people globally do not have access to safe drinking water – UNICEF, WHO. Who.int.Https://www.who.int/news/item/18-06-2019-1-in-3-people-globally-do-not-have-access-to-safe-drinking-water-unicef-whoClassmate 2: Randall: Select one of the Millennium Development goals and discuss how it relates to the health of a 3rd world country of your choice. Have they been able to meet this goal? If not, what is lacking or still needs to be done?The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are 8 goals that the UN Member States have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. It aims at informing how best to consider the social determinants of health aspects in the post-2015 global thematic consultations organized under the United Nations Development Group. Annex 1 aims to briefly illustrate the concept of the social determinants of health as applied to the ideas of the specific thematic groups, give some examples of why health is important to each specific theme, and show how each theme could contribute to health (WHO, 2016).I have completed this research for Panama.Millennium Development Goal 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hungerUndernutrition which includes fetal growth restriction, stunting, wasting, and deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc, along with suboptimal breastfeeding; is the underlying cause of death in an estimated 45% of all deaths among children under 5 years of age. The proportion of underweight children in developing countries has declined from 28% to 17% between 1990 and 2013.YearValueChangeCumulative ChangeFootnotesType199111.8G (Links to an external site.)19957.4-37.29 %-37.29 %G (Links to an external site.)19967.96.76 %-33.05 %G (Links to an external site.)20007.2-8.86 %-38.98 %G (Links to an external site.)20026.5-9.72 %-44.92 %G (Links to an external site.)Target 1. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a dayGoal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (INDEX-MUNDI, 2007)Many people continue to face a scarcity of medicines in the public sector, forcing them to the private sector where prices can be substantially higher. Surveys undertaken from 2007-to 2013 show the average availability of selected generic medicines in 21 low- and middle-income countries were only 55% in the public sector.Substantial progress has been made regarding the MDGs. The world has already realized the first MDG of halving the extreme poverty rate by 2015. However, the achievements have been uneven. The MDGs were set to expire in 2015 and the discussion of a post-2015 agenda continues. The focus is now on building a sustainable world where environmental sustainability, social inclusion, and economic development are equally valued.The continuation from 2015 aims at informing how best to consider the social determinants of health aspects in the post-2015 global thematic consultations organized under the United Nations Development Group. Annex 1 aims to briefly illustrate the concept of the social determinants of health as applied to the ideas of the specific thematic groups, give some examples of why health is important to each specific theme, and show how each theme could contribute to health.By 2010, basic literacy, the ability to read and write, eluded 800 million adults, of whom 550 million were women. Millennium Development Goal 2, to achieve universal primary education for girls and boys alike by 2015, is unlikely to be met, as this implies that all children should have been in school by 2009. Despite huge efforts, countries in sub-Saharan Africa still have a long way to go to ensure primary education for all.Health inequities are unjust and avoidable. In order to reduce health inequities, there is a need to address the wider socioeconomic and structural factors – the conditions in which people are born, live, grow, and age – that influence how people become sick, what risk factors they are exposed to, how they access services, and how they use those services. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels (CSDH, 2008).Studies in low-income countries show that worm infections, currently affecting around 169 million children, can be directly linked to the loss of 3.75 IQ points per pupil. The same studies show that the equivalent of 200 million to 500 million school days per year are lost to ill health. School health check-ups facilitate the early identification of disabilities. In 2010, the WHO global burden of disease update estimated the number of children aged 0–14 years experiencing “moderate or severe disability” at 93 million (5.1%), with 13 million children (0.7%) experiencing severe difficulties (WHO, 2022).Developing countries were hit the worst by the restrictions from COVID 19. Poverty soared. Starvation and malnutrition soared. Health equity hit all-time lows. AIDS was rampant. Malaria returned due to stagnant water checks being dropped for 2 years.In my area of Panama, the hospitals were closed except to transport patients 1 hour to the big city hospitals. This impacted child and maternal mortality greatly. Men were allowed out M-W-F and women were allowed out T-Thu-Sat only. We have no corporate stores in my area. This impacted the mom-and-pop businesses that have been in existence for generations, forcing many to close.CSDH, (2008). Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008.INDEX-MUNDI, (2007, Feb 15). United Nations Statistics Division. From: https://www.indexmundi.com/panama/gender-parity-index-in-secondary-level-enrolment.htmlWHO, (2022). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/millennium-development-goals-(mdgs)World Health Organization (2016). Health in the post-2015 development agenda: Need for a social determinants of health approach, joint statement of the UN platform on social determinants of health. http://www.who.int/social_determinants/advocacy/UN_Platform_FINAL.pdf?ua=1
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