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Post bureaucracy vs Bureaucracy1 Annotated comments by David Sotir, HELPSINTEGRATING BUSINESS PERSPECTIVESQuestion: Discuss how the issues associated with global warming might beunderstood as a wicked problem.The contemporary challenge of carbon p o l l u t i o n and climate change canbe understood as a wicked problem entailing commercial implications. A wickedproblem, as coined by Rittel and Webber (1973, cited in Head 2008), can be definedas an intractable social concern featuring characteristics of uncertainty, complexityand divergence. Due to the applicability of certain properties, carbon emissions andclimate change can be considered a wicked problem, simultaneously presentingcommercial issues and opportunities.Various WP characteristics are prevalent in carbon emissions and climatechange. According to Rittel and Webber (1973), specific properties underpin thenature and extent of a wicked problem. Firstly, the multifaceted nature of the issuelends support to its interpretation as a global wicked problem. Consistent withwicked problem characteristics, the issue is unique, difficult to define and involvesnumerous contested causes and solutions derived from inconclusive causal evidence.Similarly, this relates to controversy arising from divergent stakeholderperspectives, adhering to the WP characteristic of explaining discrepancies in variedways (Rittel & Webber 1973). For example, denialist groups reject the notion ofclimate change and human causality, doubting the potential for viable solutions. Incontrast, environmental groups recognise causality, emphasizing the need forThe following are general comments about the structure and contents of an academic essay written for university – they are not prescriptive and intended as an educational guide only.Comment [A1]: Background information provided here. Introduction defines wicked problem as a problem with complex interconnected issues. Definition of terminology that will be used throughout the essay. Reference to source of definition. For advice on writing an introduction, go to: http://www.uts.edu.au/current- students/support/helps/self-help- resources/academic-writing/essay-writingComment [A2]: Explains the relevance and significance of the topic. The introduction clearly indicates the business implications of the ‘dilemma’.Comment [A3]: This is an example of ‘author-prominent’ citation where emphasis is given to the original writer. Reporting language (‘according to’) is used to acknowledge an author’s ideas. For help on using reporting verbs, go to: http://www.uts.edu.au/current- students/support/helps/self-help- resources/grammar/reporting-verbsComment [A4]: Integration of scholarly evidence. For help on synthesizing ideas and how to paraphrase, go to: http://www.uts.edu.au/current- students/support/helps/self-help- resources/academic-writing/paraphrasingComment [A5]: This word helps link this paragraph to the previous one. For more ideas on how to use linking language in English, go to: http://www.uts.edu.au/current- students/support/helps/self-help- resources/grammar/transition-signalsComment [A6]: This is an example of ‘information-prominent’ citation where emphasis is given to the data.Comment [A7]: Examples are used to illustrate the argument that climate change is a complex problem with many related issues and stakeholders.http://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/essay-writinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/essay-writinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/essay-writinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/reporting-verbshttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/reporting-verbshttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/reporting-verbshttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/paraphrasinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/paraphrasinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/paraphrasinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/transition-signalshttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/transition-signalshttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/transition-signals2 Annotated comments by David Sotir, HELPSsustainable solutions. Consequently, multiple stakeholder views permeate theissue, reinforcing the complexity and divergence of climate change as a wickedproblem.In addition, carbon emissions and climate change features uncertainty,relating to WP characteristics of contentious causes and non-definitive solutions(Rittel & Webber 1973). For example, climate change creates public policychallenges regarding choices of resource allocation tools (Head 2008). Consequently,carbon emissions and climate change can be interpreted as an uncertain, complexwicked problem.As a wicked problem in the dynamic business environment, carbon emissionsand climate change pose commercial issues and opportunities. Business issuesinvolve physical and regulatory risks. Physical implications of the wicked probleminclude environmental pressures such as extreme weather conditions (Stern 2007).In effect, this may pose a detriment to primary industries relying on suitableconditions for efficient resource extraction (Sussman & Freed 2008). For example,severe conditions in the mining industry may hinder productivity, affectingprofitability and shareholder value. Consequently, the wicked problem presentsincreased risks, posing adverse threats for business operations.In addition, in the Australian business context, the wicked problem posesregulatory issues through the proposed carbon tax. It is projected that this policytool will increase business costs as liable sectors pass costs down value chains(Garner & Wong 2010). In effect, increased prices may lower consumer demand andreduce consumer purchasing power. Consequently, the wicked problem poses theComment [A8]: The phrase links this paragraph to the previous one. See also Comment [A6].Comment [A9]: Concrete examples are used to indicate relevance to the argument and to substantiate/support it.Comment [A10]: Explicit topic sentence reflects the overall theme or main idea of the paragraph, making it easier for the reader to comprehend what is to follow. The question requires some reference to business-related issues. To watch a video tutorial on writing body paragraphs go to: http://www.uts.edu.au/current- students/support/helps/self-help- resources/academic-writing/essay-writingComment [A11]: The writer’s voice uses hedging language such as “may”. This is characteristic of academic writing and convey’s the writer’s opinion or attitude (modality).Comment [A12]: Further use of hedging language. See comment A11.Comment [A13]: This word indicates a cause and effect relationship and adds cohesion to the text. For more ideas on how to use linking language in English, go to: http://www.uts.edu.au/current- students/support/helps/self-help- resources/grammar/transition-signalshttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/essay-writinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/essay-writinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/essay-writinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/transition-signalshttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/transition-signalshttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/transition-signals3 Annotated comments by David Sotir, HELPSpotential commercial threats of changing consumer attitudes, shareholderuncertainty and decreased profitability (Business in the Community 2007).Conversely, the wicked problem presents the business opportunities ofinnovation and sustainability. Due to consumer preferences for sustainability, theWP presents market opportunities for private sector innovation of sustainableproducts and technologies (Stern 2007). In effect, the wicked problem encouragesentities to design carbon efficient products in order to satisfy consumer demand(Forster 2009). For example, companies such as Toyota have gained competitiveadvantage by responding to the carbon conscious market and developing hybridvehicles (Rigby & Tager 2008). As a result, the wicked problem presents potentialfor increased market share and profitability through diversification (Garnaut 2011).Furthermore, the wicked problem presents commercial opportunities forpromoting sustainability. Incorporating sustainable practices into business strategyallows greater long-term responsiveness to changes that the wicked problem poses(Camillus 2008). Such initiatives, including the global accounting of carbon emissions,are likely to lead to favourable brand image (Ihlen 2009) and competitive advantage(Porter & Kramer 2006). Businesses may also incorporate sustainability strategiesinto supply chains through logistics systems, resulting in efficiency gains (Forster2009). For example, in response to the wicked problem, Westpac BankingCorporation has promoted corporate social responsibility, resulting in positive brandimage (Westpac 2012). Consequently, the wicked problem presents commercialopportunities, generating beneficial outcomes.Comment [A14]: This word indicates that the paragraph mentions ideas/concepts that are in contrast with those discussed in the previous one – it acts as a link between paragraphs.Comment [A15]: This expression indicates a cause and effect relationship. It also enhances clarity of the argument.Comment [A16]: This indicates that additional information will be provided to support the overall argument.4 Annotated comments by David Sotir, HELPSIn conclusion, as a wicked problem with distinctive constituent features, thecurrent carbon emissions and climate change debate poses issues andopportunities for business practice in the dynamic business environment. Comment [A17]: Short concluding sentence strengthens the overall answer. The conclusion should summarise the essay’s key points. No new points or evidence should be introduced here. To watch a video tutorial on writing a conclusion go to: http://www.uts.edu.au/current- students/support/helps/self-help- resources/academic-writing/essay-writinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/essay-writinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/essay-writinghttp://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/academic-writing/essay-writing5 Annotated comments by David Sotir, HELPSReference ListBusiness in the Community 2007, Business leadership towards a low carbon economy,Business in the Community UK, viewed 7 March 2010, 
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