Sleep Deprivation, Disorders, And Drugs
Sleep Deprivation, Disorders, And Drugs
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in APA format on the following questions: Describe a situation in which you did not get enough sleep. How did it effect your mood, behavior, and cognitive and motor skills? Does your experience coincide with the effects of sleep deprivation described in the text? What are the effects of long-term sleep reduction? Briefly describe common sleeping disorders and possible drug remedies.
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Sleep, Dreaming, and
Circadian Rhythms How Much Do You Need to Sleep?
14.1 Stages of Sleep
14.2 Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep
When We Do?
14.3 Effects of Sleep Deprivation
14.4 Circadian Sleep Cycles
14.5 Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep
14.6 Drugs That Affect Sleep
14.7 Sleep Disorders
14.8 Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction
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Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Even though she is now retired she is still busy in the community, helping sick friends whenever requested. She is an active painter and . . . writer. Although she becomes tired physically, when she needs to sit down to rest her legs, she does not ever report feeling sleepy. During the night she sits on her bed . . . reading, writing, crocheting or painting. At about 2:00 A.M. she falls asleep without any preceding drowsiness often while still holding a book in her hands. When she wakes about an hour later, she feels as wide awake as ever. . . .
We invited her along to the laboratory. She came will- ingly but on the first evening we hit our first snag. She an- nounced that she did not sleep at all if she had interesting things to do, and by her reckoning a visit to a university sleep laboratory counted as very interesting. Moreover, for the first time in years, she had someone to talk to for the whole of the night. So we talked.
In the morning we broke into shifts so that some could sleep while at least one person stayed with her and entertained her during the next day. The second night was a repeat performance of the first night. . . .
In the end we prevailed upon her to allow us to apply EEG electrodes and to leave her sitting comfortably on the bed in the bedroom. She had promised that she would co-operate by not resisting sleep although she claimed not to be especially tired. . . . At approximately 1:30 A.M., the EEG record showed the first signs of sleep even though . . . she was still sitting with the book in her hands. . . .
The only substantial difference between her sleep and what we might have expected. . . was that it was of short duration. . . . [After 99 minutes], she had no further inter- est in sleep and asked to . . . join our company again.
(“The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn’t Sleep,” from The Sleep Instinct by R. Meddis. Copyright © 1977, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, pp. 42–44. Reprinted by permission of the Taylor & Francis Group.)
14.1 Stages of Sleep
Many changes occur in the body during sleep. This section introduces you to the major ones.
Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep
There are major changes in the human EEG during the course of a night’s sleep. Although the EEG waves that ac- company sleep are generally high-voltage and slow, there are periods throughout the night that are dominated by low- voltage, fast waves similar to those in nonsleeping individuals. In the 1950s, it was discovered that rapid eye movements (REMs) occur under the closed eyelids of sleepers during these periods of low-voltage, fast EEG activity. And in 1962,
M ost of us have a fondness for eating and sex— the two highly esteemed motivated behaviors discussed in Chapter 12 and 13. But the amount
of time devoted to these behaviors by even the most amorous gourmands pales in comparison to the amount of time spent sleeping: Most of us will sleep for well over 175,000 hours in our lifetimes. This extraordinary com- mitment of time implies that sleep fulfills a critical biolog- ical function. But what is it? And what about dreaming: Why do we spend so much time dreaming? And why do we tend to get sleepy at about the same time every day? Answers to these questions await you in this chapter.
Almost every time I lecture about sleep, somebody asks “How much sleep do we need?” Each time, I provide the same unsatisfying answer: I explain that there are two fun-
damentally different answers to this question, but neither has emerged a clear winner.
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