You have seen at this point several decades of revolution, intertwined with the diffusion of Enlightenment thought across Europe, and with the diffusion of the effects of industrialization.

PROMPT: At what point did the politics of revolutionary countries or of reform movements emphasize liberty, and at what point equality? Can you detect patterns? (You can even think about why countries might switch emphasis from one to the other.)You have seen at this point several decades of revolution, intertwined with the diffusion of Enlightenment thought across Europe, and with the diffusion of the effects of industrialization. We have moved from societies based on hierarchies, to post-revolutionary societies grappling with issues of liberty and equality. But, as you all have noted in your discussions, it’s difficult to pursue liberty and equality simultaneously. Countries will tend to emphasize one or the other. You have big revolutionary periods to study now: 1789-1815, and the 1848 revolutions. You also have liberal and nationalist movements between 1815 and 1848… and by way of contrast you have the non-revolutionary changes in Britain in the 1830s.Readings include:Readings-HME 12 – French RevolutionBurke: Reflections on the French Revolutionhttp://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1791burke.asp (Links to an external site.)Babeuf: Analysis of the Doctrine of Babeuf (in CM)Robespierre: On the Principles of Political Moralityhttp://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1794robespierre.asp (Links to an external site.)Robespierre: On Terrorhttp://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/robespierre-terror.aspHME 13 – Napoleon and EuropeDeclaration of the Rights of Man, 1789, 1793, and 1795https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/295/ (Links to an external site.)http://www.columbia.edu/~iw6/docs/dec1793.html (Links to an external site.)https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/298/ (Links to an external site.)Concordat and Napoleonic Code : how do these reflect Enlightenment thought, and how did they affect Napoleon’s legitimacy?Napoleon’s Decline: what brought about the Empire’s downfall?Napoleon’s Impact Beyond France: how did Napoleon’s conquests change the rest of Europe?Declaration of the Rights of Man, 1789, 1793, and 1795HME 14 – Industrial RevolutionExceprts from Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nationshttp://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/adamsmith-summary.asp (Links to an external site.)Thomas Malthus (http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1798malthus.asp (Links to an external site.))David Ricardo (http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/ricardo-wages.asp (Links to an external site.))RWC 8/5: 1846-47 Factory Legislation DebatesRWC 8/15: Flora Tristan: The Workers’ UnionHME 15 – Challenges to Restoration Europe, pp. 579-582, 598-600 and 605-612RWC 8/3: T.B. Macauley: Speech on Parliamentary Reform (2 March 1831)RWC 8/22: Macauley on Jefferson in the 1850’sReadings:HME 15 – Challenges to Restoration Europe, pp. 571-582, 585-598, 600-605Fichte (http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1806fichte.asp (Links to an external site.))RWC 8/12: Documents on the Status of German Jewry and the Debate over Jewish EmancipationHME 16 – Revolutions of 1848RWC 8/18: Alexis de Tocqueville: Recollections