GET A PROFESSIONAL PAPER DONE BY AN EXPERT
Please develop a research paper focusing on environmental justice themes/concepts regarding Native Hawaiians and their struggle with their colonial rule of the US and their military buildup and presence in the Hawaiian Islands.Conflict Summary: The central conflict betweenindigenous Hawaiians and the military is over the control of land, an issuewhich is intrinsically tied to the question of sovereignty and culturalsurvival. The military expropriated and occupied the richest and most strategiclocations, including important religious sites, fishing, farming, hunting, andgathering areas.As a result, Hawai’i is one of the most densely militarized regions underU.S. control, with the military controlling 205,925 acres, or roughly 5% of theland. On O’ahu, the most densely populated island, the military controls 85,718acres out of 382,148 acres, or 22.4% of all the land. Statewide, the combinedarmed services have 21 installations, 26 housing complexes, 8 training areas,and 19 miscellaneous bases and operating stations.The largest percentage of the military’s land holdings are made up ofso-called “ceded lands.” In 1898, nearly 1.8 million acres of formernational and crown lands of the Kingdom of Hawai’i were illegally taken by theUnited States. In 1959, when Hawai’i was admitted as a state, the military retainedcontrol of approximately 180,000 acres of ceded lands, while the rest revertedto the state. The law required surplus lands to be returned to the state afterWorld War II, but with the exception of Kaho’olawe and Barber’s Point, verylittle has actually been returned. Today, the military controls approximately112,173 acres of ceded land, representing 54% of its land holdings.Militarization has also impacted Indigenous Hawaiians access to HawaiianHome Lands. The Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1920 set aside 187,000 acresfor Native homesteading. A 1983 Federal-State Task Force concluded that 13,580acres of Hawaiian Home Lands were improperly withdrawn through presidentialexecutive orders. Of these improperly transferred lands, 1,356 acres in Lualualeiwere removed from the Hawaiian Home Lands inventory and turned over to theNavy. In 1999, under a land swap agreement to settle the improper transfer, theDepartment of Hawaiian Home Lands received 580 acres at Barber’s Point inexchange for the land at Lualualei. Although the land at Barber’s Point wassupposedly more valuable than the Lualualei parcel, 770 acres were lost fromthe Native land base through this deal between the state and federalgovernments.Here are some sources to consider for the research narrative:Tuteur, N. M. (2021). Militarization, slowviolence, and the emerging threat of condemnation in Hawai ‘i. Journal ofEnvironmental Media, 2(1), 3-1.Nation Under The Gun: Militarism andResistance in Hawai’i. (2000, March). Cultural Survival. Retrieved May 13,2022, from https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/nation-under-gun-militarism-and-resistance-hawaiiAlvarez, C. H., Theis, N. G., & Shtob,D. A. (2021). Military as an Institution and Militarization as a Process:Theorizing the US Military and Environmental Justice. Environmental Justice,14(6), 426-434.Spencer, M. S., Fentress, T., Touch, A.,& Hernandez, J. (2020). Environmental justice, Indigenous knowledgesystems, and native Hawaiians and other Pacific islanders. Human biology,92(1), 45-57.Reporter, G. S. (2022, January 4). The USmilitary is polluting Hawaii’s water supply – and denying it. The Guardian.Retrieved May 13, 2022, fromhttps://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jan/04/the-us-military-is-polluting-hawaiis-water-supply-and-denying-it
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